Vulnerability

Vulnerability is a cyber-security term that refers to a flaw in a system that can leave it open to attack. It is may also refer to any type of weakness in a computer system itself, in a set of procedures, or in anything that leaves information security exposed to a threat.

Computer users and network personnel can protect computer systems from vulnerabilities by keeping software security patches up to date. These patches can remedy flaws or security holes that were found in the initial release. Computer and network personnel should also stay informed about current vulnerabilities in the software they use and seek out ways to protect against them.

 

 

Spectre Next Generation: New Intel CPU Vulnerabilities Found

Following January’s reports of Meltdown and Spectre affecting Intel processors, security researchers found eight new vulnerabilities in Intel processors. As Google Project Zero’s 90-day deadline ends on May 7 for companies’ disclosure of technical details and solutions, the flaws — named Spectre Next Generation or Spectre NG — were characterized as similar to the previous Spectre attack scenarios. Four of the flaws were rated as “high” risk and the rest are of “medium” severity.

Each vulnerability will have their own number in the Common Vulnerability Enumerator (CVE) directory. Intel patches will come in two waves, with one in May and the next in August. Linux developers are working on measures against Spectre as well, while Microsoft is preparing patches for the said vulnerabilities, which they will distribute as optional updates. Further, Microsoft is also offering $250,000 in a bug bounty program for more unknown Spectre-related flaws. Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) CPUs from Japan’s Softbank’s ARM Holdings are speculated to also be affected by these new vulnerabilities, while Advanced Micro Devices’ (AMD) architecture is still being examined.

 

New information suggested that Intel requested to postpone the publishing of the vulnerabilities’ technical details, and it seems that Google Project Zero agreed to the delay. Due to the number of affected systems, the company is seen having problems getting the patches out in time for May 7 and intends to do the coordinated release of the microcodes on May 21 or July 10 with the details of at least two variants. Likely affected systems include Core processors, Xeon spinoffs, Atom-based Pentium, Atom and Celeron CPUs released since 2013, which affects desktops, laptops, smartphones and other embedded devices. The August 14 patch will likely address the most serious vulnerability affecting cloud environments, and Intel is reportedly releasing hardware and software improvements for other manufacturers and vendors to implement.

 

 

 

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DRAKVUF

DRAKVUF consists of several plugins, each collecting different aspects of the guests’ execution, like logging system calls or tracking kernel heap allocations.

It is a virtualization based agentless black-box binary analysis system. DRAKVUF allows for in-depth execution tracing of arbitrary binaries (including operating systems), all without having to install any special software within the virtual machine used for analysis.

 

Hardware requirements for DRAKVUF

DRAKVUF uses hardware virtualization extensions found in Intel CPUs. You will need an Intel CPU with virtualization support (VT-x) and with Extended Page Tables (EPT). DRAKVUF is not going to work on any other CPUs (such as AMD) or on Intel CPUs without the required virtualization extensions.

 

 

Currently available plugins for DRAKVUF:

• syscalls
• poolmon
• objmon
• exmon
• filetracer
• filedelete
• ssdtmon
• socketmon

syscalls

The syscalls plugin is responsible for tracking the execution of function-entry-points responsible to handling system calls on Windows and Linux. The function accomplishes this by looping through the Rekall-profile and using a BREAKPOINT trap on each function whose name starts with Nt on Windows and sys_ on Linux.

 

Poolmon

The poolmon plugin tracks calls to the ExAllocatePoolWithTag function, which is responsible for allocating objects on the kernel heap in Windows.

The prototype of this function is defined as follows (form MSDN https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff544520%28v=vs.85%29.aspx):

 

Objmon

The objmon plugin monitors the execution of ObCreateObject. This function is also called when creating common objects in Windows. The ObjectType input defines an index into the Windows 7 type array, currently defining 42 objects.

 

 

Exmon

The exmon plugin monitors the execution of KiDispatchException, which is the Windows exception handler function when an exception occurs in either user- or kernel-space. The plugin extracts the information from the TrapFrame input containing the CPU state when the exception occured.

The ReactOS definition of this function is as follows (from http://doxygen.reactos.org/d7/d7f/ntoskrnl_2ke_2amd64_2except_8c_a660d1a46ff201c5861caf9667937f73f.html):

 

filetracer

The filetracer plugin monitors the use of _FILE_OBJECT structures by system-calls as well as internal kernel functions used by kernel drivers. With this approach we get a complete view of files being accessed on the system.

 

 

Filedelete

The filedelete plugin monitors the execution of NtSetInformationFile and ZwSetInformationFile, which are functions responsible for deleting files (there are some others too, such as NtDeleteFile). When the function is called and the fifth input of the function is FILE_DISPOSITION_INFORMATION (13) the file path is determined by walking the handle table of the process via the DRAKVUF function drakvuf_get_obj_by_handle. Once the address is known, it be extracting using the Volatility plugin dumpfiles.

 

 

SSDTmon

The SSDTmon plugin monitors write-memory accesses to the System Service Descriptor Table used to store pointers to the system call handling functions. If malware hooks this table and redirects system calls, the syscalls plugin is affected as the original function(s) may no longer get called where it originally trapped. If this plugin detects a change, one must assume that the syscall plugin output is no longer complete.

 

 

Socketmon

The socketmon plugin monitors the usage of TCP and UPD sockets for Windows guests. It requires the creation of a Rekall profile for the tcpip.sys kernel module, which is normally located at C:\Windows\System32\drivers\tcpip.sys. You will need to copy this file to where you will be generating the Rekall profile at. To generate a Rekall profile for it you can use the pdbparse project to obtain the PDB:

 

 

Supported guests:

• Windows 7 – 8, both 32 and 64-bit
• Windows 10 64-bit
• Linux 2.6.x – 4.x, both 32-bit and 64-bit

 

 

Malware analysis:

DRAKVUF provides a perfect platform for stealthy malware analysis as its footprint is nearly undetectable from the malware’s perspective. While DRAKVUF has been mainly developed with malware analysis in mind, it is certainly not limited to that task as it can be used to monitor the execution of arbitrary binaries.

 

 

 

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Wireless Penetration Testing Tool

Wireless penetration testing tool is an important aspect of any security audit project, organizations are facing serious threats from their insecure WiFi network. A compromised wifi puts the entire network at risks. Consider the recent darkhotel attack, where the top business executives were the target.

Penetration testing tool are used as part of a penetration test(Pen Test) to automate certain tasks, improve testing efficiency and the attacker were targeting them by hacking into the insecure hotel WiFI network.

There is the little difference between a network vulnerability assessment tool and WiFi vulnerability scanners, so here is the quick list of the tools that could be very useful while performing WiFi penetration testingand discover issues that might be difficult to find using manual analysis techniques alone. Two common penetration testing tools are static analysis tools and dynamic analysis tools.

 

Aircrack-ng

Aircrack-ng is a wireless penetration testing tool. It is an 802.11 WEP and WPA-PSK keys cracking program that can recover keys once enough data packets have been captured. It implements the standard FMS attack along with some optimizations like KoreK attacks, as well as the all-new PTW attack, thus making the attack much faster compared to other WEP cracking tools. In fact, Aircrack-ng is a set of tools for auditing wireless networks.

 

 

Kismet

Kismet is wireless penetration testing tool. It is an 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. Kismet will work with any wireless card which supports raw monitoring (rfmon) mode, and (with appropriate hardware) can sniff 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n traffic. Kismet also supports plugins which allow sniffing other media such as DECT.

 

 

Netstumbler

Netstumbler is a wireless penetration testing tool which is the best known Windows tool for finding open wireless access points (“wardriving”). They also distribute a WinCE version for PDAs and such named MiniStumbler. The tool is currently free but Windows-only and no source code is provided. It uses a more active approach to finding WAPs than passive sniffers such as Kismet or KisMAC.

 

 

InSSIDer

InSSIDer is a wireless penetration testing tool. It is a wireless network scanner for Windows, OS X, and Android. It was designed to overcome limitations of NetStumbler, namely not working well on 64-bit Windows and Windows Vista. inSSIDer can find open wireless access points, track signal strength over time, and save logs with GPS records.

 

KisMAC

KisMAC is a wireless penetration testing tool. This popular wireless stumbler for Mac OS X offers many of the features of its namesake Kismet, though the codebase is entirely different. Unlike console-based Kismet, KisMAC offers a pretty GUI and was around before Kismet was ported to OS X. It also offers mapping, Pcap-format import and logging, and even some decryption and deauthentication attacks.

 

 

Bonus Tools

Kali Linux the successor of backtrack linux has most of the tools configured already but if you need to configure the additional tools then it could be done easily. Beyond the tools mentioned above, we have some important and relevant tools:

Reaver-WPS

Reaver performs a brute force attack against an access point’s WiFi Protected Setup pin number. Once the WPS pin is found, the WPA PSK can be recovered and alternately the AP’s wireless settings can be reconfigured.

 

 

Fern WiFi Cracker

Fern wifi cracker is a wireless security auditing application that is written in python and uses python-qt4. This application uses the aircrack-ng suite of tools.

 

 

 

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Security Descriptor Modification | Host Based | DAMP

Security Descriptor Modification, host based persistence into DAMP.

This project contains several files that implement host-based security descriptor “backdoors” that facilitate the abuse of various remotely accessible services for arbitrary trustees/security principals.

tl;dr – this grants users/groups (local, domain, or ‘well-known’ like ‘Everyone’) of an attacker’s choosing the ability to perform specific administrative actions on a modified host without needing membership in the local administrators group.

Note: to implement these backdoors, you need the right to change the security descriptor information for the targeted service, which in stock configurations nearly always means membership in the local administrators group.

 

Remote Hash Extraction On Demand Via Host Security Descriptor Modification

This is the long overdue follow-up to the “An ACE in the Hole: Stealthy Host Persistence via Security Descriptors” presentation (slides and video) that @tifkin_, @enigma0x3, and I gave at DerbyCon last year. This past weekend we gave a talk at @Sp4rkCon titled “The Unintended Risks of Trusting Active Directory” that explored combining our host-based security descriptor research with the work that @_wald0 and I detailed at Black Hat and DEF CON last year on Active Directory security descriptor backdooring. One of the more interesting case studies at both DerbyCon and Sp4rkCon involved a host-based security descriptor modification primitive that allows indefinite remote retrieval of a machine’s account hash. This post will dive deeply into this approach, the newly released weaponized code that implements it, and the extension allowing for the extraction of local account hashes and domain cached credentials.

 

 

Security Descriptor Operations

The Windows API provides functions for getting and setting the components of the security descriptor associated with a securable object. Use the GetSecurityInfo and GetNamedSecurityInfo functions to retrieve a pointer to an object’s security descriptor. These functions can also retrieve pointers to the individual components of the security descriptor: DACL, SACL, owner SID, and primary group SID. Use the SetSecurityInfo and SetNamedSecurityInfo functions to set the components of an object’s security descriptor.

The Windows API provides additional functions for manipulating the components of a security descriptor. For information about working with access control lists (DACLs or SACLs), see Getting Information from an ACL and Creating or Modifying an ACL. For information about SIDs, see Security Identifiers (SIDs).

 

 

 

Remote Registry:

Add-RemoteRegBackdoor.ps1

Add-RemoteRegBackdoor

Implements a new remote registry backdoor that allows for the remote retrieval of a system’s machine and local account hashes, as well as its domain cached credentials.

RemoteHashRetrieval.ps1

Get-RemoteMachineAccountHash

Abuses the ACL backdoor set by Add-RemoteRegBackdoor to remotely retrieve the local machine account hash for the specified machine.

Get-RemoteLocalAccountHash

Abuses the ACL backdoor set by Add-RemoteRegBackdoor to remotely retrieve the local SAM account hashes for the specified machine.

Get-RemoteCachedCredential

Abuses the ACL backdoor set by Add-RemoteRegBackdoor to remotely retrieve the domain cached credentials for the specified machine.

 

 

 

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Geoip attack map Visualization

Geoip attack   map visualizer was developed to display network attacks on your organization in real time. The data server follows a syslog file, and parses out source IP, destination IP, source port, and destination port. Protocols are determined via common ports, and the visualizations vary in color based on protocol type.

This project would not be possible if it weren’t for Sam Cappella, who created a cyber defense competition network traffic visualizer for the 2015 Palmetto Cyber Defense Competition.

 

Important of Geoip attack map

This   program relies entirely on syslog, and because all appliances format logs differently, you will need to customize the log parsing function(s). If your organization uses a security information and event management system (SIEM), it can probably normalize logs to save you a ton of time writing regex.

Send all syslog to SIEM.

Use SIEM to normalize logs.

Send normalized logs to the box (any Linux machine running syslog-ng will work) running this software so the data server can parse them.

 

Configuration:

1. Make sure in /etc/redis/redis.conf to change bind 127.0.0.1 to bind 0.0.0.0 if you plan on running the DataServer on a different machine than the AttackMapServer.
2. Make sure that the WebSocket address in /AttackMapServer/index.html points back to the IP address of the AttackMapServer so the browser knows the address of the WebSocket.
3. Download the MaxMind GeoLite2 database, and change the db_path variable in DataServer.py to the wherever you store the database.
4. ./db-dl.sh
5. Add headquarters latitude/longitude to hqLatLng variable in index.html
6. Use syslog-gen.py, or syslog-gen.sh to simulate dummy traffic “out of the box.”
7. IMPORTANT: Remember, this code will only run correctly in a production environment after personalizing the parsing functions. The default parsing function is only written to parse ./syslog-gen.sh traffic.

 

 

 

 

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Jackhammer

Jackhammer  is a collaboration tool built with an aim of bridging the gap between Security team vs dev team, QA team and being a facilitator for TPM to understand and track the quality of the code going into production. It could do static code analysis and dynamic analysis with inbuilt vulnerability management capability. It finds security vulnerabilities in the target applications and it helps security teams to manage the chaos in this new age of continuous integration and continuous/multiple deployments.

It completely works on RBAC (Role Based Access Control). There are cool dashboards for individual scans and team scans giving ample flexibility to collaborate with different teams. It is totally built on pluggable architecture which can be integrated with any open source/commercial tool.

Jackhammer uses the OWASP pipeline project to run multiple open source and commercial tools against your code, web app, mobile app, cms (wordpress), network.

 

 

Features of Jackhammer:

• Provides unified interface to collaborate on findings
• Scanning (code / web-app / mobile-app /wordpress / network) can be done for all code management repositories and URLs
• Scheduling of scans based on 3 intervals # daily, weekly, monthly
• Advanced false positive filtering
• Integrate other open source/ commercial/ your custom scanner within few minutes to Jackhammer
• Realtime notification for scans
• Publish vulnerabilities to bug tracking systems
• Keep a tab on statistics and vulnerability trends in your applications
• Integrates with majority of open source and commercial scanning tools
• User and roles management giving greater control
• Configurable severity levels on list of findings across the applications
• Built-in vulnerability status progression
• Additional support to upload result from other scanners(14 scanners already supported) and manage the vulnerabilities in Jackhammer
• Intelligent filtering of vulnerabilities on different criteria to see what is actually needed

 

 

Static Code Analysis

Built-in scanning tools support a majority of popular languages such as Java, Ruby, Python, and Nodejs, etc. In addition to security vulnerabilities, it also finds vulnerabilities in deprecated libraries and the applicable publically available CVEs.

For static analysis, this open source tool integrates with Brakeman, Bundler-Audit, Checkmarx, Dawnscanner, FindSecurityBugs, Xanitizer, NodeSecurityProject, PMD and Retire.js. If you are looking to find hard coded secrets/tokens/credentials, then Jackhammer uses Trufflehog. The base of all scans is a Nmap scan. For web application scanning, it uses Arachni and WPScan. Mobile scanning is also supported with Androbugs and Androguard. Not only that, you can also add new scanners within a few minutes. This is a nice user guide which tells you how to do it. Not only that, you can also import results from other scanners such as – Nmap, Burp Suite, ZAP, Nessus, QualysGuard, OpenVAS, Metasploit, Nexpose, Arachni, IBMApp, Fortify, SkipFish, W3af and Acunetix.

 

 

Dynamic Analysis

It can scan all web applications / mobile applications / network / content managmenet system with and without authentication and has a unique way of managing sessions for better identification of vulnerabilities.

 

 

 

 

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Pharos

Pharos is a open source, static binary analysis framework that uses the ROSE compiler, developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for disassembly, control flow analysis, instruction semantics. These features help you automate common reverse engineering tasks with a focus on malicious code analysis. The Pharos framework is made up of the following static binary analysis tools.

 

 

Pharos Static Binary Analysis Framework

The Pharos framework is a research project, and the code is undergoing active development. No warranties of fitness for any purpose are provided. While this release provides build instructions, unit tests, and some documentation, much work remains to be done. We’ve tested a few select build configurations, but have not actively tested the portability of the source code. See the installation instructions for more details.

 

Pharos Static Binary Analysis Tools

APIAnalyzer: The APIAnalyzer is a signature driven tool for finding sequences of API calls with the specified data and control relationships. This capability is intended to be used to detect common operating system interaction parameters such as opening a file, writing to it, and the closing it.

 

OOAnalyzer: OOAnalyzer is a tool for the analysis and recovery of object oriented constructs. It helps you identify object members and methods by tracking object pointers between functions in the program. This tool was previously named “Objdigger” and is being redesigned to use XSB Prolog rules to recover the object attributes. Earlier, ObjDigger used definition-use analysis to identify object pointers, known as this pointers. It accumulates context-free facts that are exported to Prolog for higher-level semantic analysis. When a line of reasoning doesn’t work out, Prolog backtracks and searches for a different solution.

 

CallAnalyzer: Callanalyzer is a tool for reporting the static parameters to API calls in a binary program. It is largely a demonstration of our current calling convention, parameter analysis, and type detection capabilities, although it also provides useful analysis of the code in a program.

 

FN2Yara: FN2Yara is a tool to generate YARA signatures for matching functions in an executable program. Programs that share significant numbers of functions are are likely to have behavior in common.

 

FN2Hash: FN2Hash is tool for generating a variety of hashes and other descriptive properties for functions in an executable program. Like FN2Yara it can be used to support binary similarity analysis, or provide features for machine learning algorithm.

 

DumpMASM: DumpMASM is a tool for dumping dis-assembly listings from an executable using the Pharos framework in the same style as the other tools. It has not been actively maintained, and you should consider using ROSE’s standard recursiveDisassemble instead.

 

PyObjDigger: PyObjDigger is included as a plugin for the IDA Pro Dis-assembler (located at tools/objdigger/ida) to allow you to ingest, view, and modify ObjDigger results directly into IDA Pro. One of the most useful PyObjdigger features is its ability to annotate virtual function calls with clickable labels.

 

 

 

 

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Danger of Using Public WiFi

WiFi users are at risk from hackers, but fortunately there are safeguards against them. The recent explosion of free, public WiFi has been an enormous boon for working professionals. Since these free access points are available at restaurants, hotels, airports, bookstores, and even random retail outlets, you are rarely more than a short trip away from access to your network, and your work. This freedom comes at a price, though, and few truly understand the public WiFi risks associated with these connections.

Along with convenience for the public, public WiFi hotspots can also provide an easy way for identity thieves and cybercriminals to monitor what you’re doing online and to steal your passwords, your personal information, or both. Never assume that a public WiFi network is safe or secure. Remember, these passwords are shared, so anyone nearby can easily hop onto the network and see what you’re doing.

 

Tips & Advice:

Risks of Using Public WiFi:

Today many, if not most, people carry some form of Internet-enabled device with them, whether it is a phone, laptop, tablet or some other technology. To get online, and avoid extra expenses by using a cellular connection, However, there are many potential risks involved in using public Wi-Fi. Users are often not aware of exactly whose network they are joining, what data they are sharing or how they may be subject to a cyber attack.

 

Whose network you are joining?

Anyone can set up a wireless hotspot and name it as they wish. By setting their own network name (Service Set Identifier or SSID) to a common or commercially used SSID, someone running a rogue hotspot can attract connections from users who think they are joining a legitimate network. Some devices will automatically join networks with familiar SSIDs.

 

Which networks are safe

It is safest to assume that no public WiFi is secure. Airports are                                      particularly risky locations due to the high concentration of                                    targets that may not have access to a domestic cellular network and may have an urgent need to get online. Need often outweighs any perceived risk.

 

What are you agreeing to?

If you are asked to accept terms and conditions, ensure you read exactly what you are agreeing to. You may be agreeing to share more with your WiFi supplier than you think.

 

 

What data are you sharing?

Any encrypted data sent through a WiFi network can be monitored and collected. You may be potentially giving away information such as passwords, email content and web searches.

 

 

Risk & Attacks:

Rogue WiFi Networks:

An attacker set up a honeypot in the form of a free WiFi hotspot in order to harvest valuable data. The attacker’s hotspot becomes the conduit for all data exchanged over the network.

 

 

Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) Attacks:

An attacker compromises a WiFi hotspot in order to insert himself into the communications between the victim and the hotspot, to intercept and modify the data in transit.

 

Packet Sniffing:

An attacker monitors and intercepts unencrypted data as it travels across an unprotected network.

 

Anyone Can be an Attacker:

The tools required to carry out such an attack can often be easily obtained, therefore an attacker requires little technical experience or skill to carry out his criminal activities.

 

Data is a Valuable Commodity:

Attackers can monetise many types of stolen data and therefore they seek information such as online banking credentials, Bitcoin wallets and other sensitive data that can be used in identify fraud.

Safety Considerations:

 

 

DO’s 

 

• Use a virtual private network (VPN) to keep
  your data encrypted in transit. They are quick
  and easy to use while providing you
  with privacy and safety.
• Enable your firewall.
• Look out for HTTPS in your browser bar – this
  indicates that SSL encryption is active and
  your communication is more likely to be secure.
• Turn off the automatic connection feature within
  the Wi-Fi settings to prevent your device from
  connecting to public or open Wi-Fi networks
  without your consent.
• Keep your software patched and updated
• Use anti-virus software and ensure it is up-to-date

 

 

DONT’s

 

• Assume that a Wi-Fi network with a trustworthy SSID is genuine.
• Share sensitive or personal data over a public Wi-Fi network unless you are sure the connection is secure. i.e. encrypted via HTTPS or a VPN.

 

 

 

 

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